Malware Analysis Report

2024-09-11 08:55

Sample ID 240417-qer9naac61
Target 7e81878c60f027b37ddf87e968e06d51dc44a348dc07c44cc62d3664e1669ddd
SHA256 7e81878c60f027b37ddf87e968e06d51dc44a348dc07c44cc62d3664e1669ddd
Tags
redline sectoprat cheat infostealer rat trojan
score
10/10

Table of Contents

Analysis Overview

MITRE ATT&CK Matrix

Analysis: static1

Detonation Overview

Signatures

Analysis: behavioral1

Detonation Overview

Command Line

Signatures

Processes

Network

Files

Analysis: behavioral2

Detonation Overview

Command Line

Signatures

Processes

Network

Files

Analysis Overview

score
10/10

SHA256

7e81878c60f027b37ddf87e968e06d51dc44a348dc07c44cc62d3664e1669ddd

Threat Level: Known bad

The file 7e81878c60f027b37ddf87e968e06d51dc44a348dc07c44cc62d3664e1669ddd was found to be: Known bad.

Malicious Activity Summary

redline sectoprat cheat infostealer rat trojan

SectopRAT payload

RedLine payload

SectopRAT

RedLine

Checks computer location settings

Suspicious use of SetThreadContext

Enumerates physical storage devices

Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory

Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses

Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken

MITRE ATT&CK Matrix V13

Analysis: static1

Detonation Overview

Reported

2024-04-17 13:10

Signatures

N/A

Analysis: behavioral1

Detonation Overview

Submitted

2024-04-17 13:10

Reported

2024-04-17 13:13

Platform

win7-20240220-en

Max time kernel

146s

Max time network

151s

Command Line

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

Signatures

RedLine

infostealer redline

RedLine payload

Description Indicator Process Target
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A

SectopRAT

trojan rat sectoprat

SectopRAT payload

Description Indicator Process Target
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A

Enumerates physical storage devices

Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory

Description Indicator Process Target
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2532 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2532 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2532 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2532 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2656 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2656 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2656 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2656 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 2912 wrote to memory of 2732 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

Processes

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe

"C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe" Add-MpPreference -ExclusionPath "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

Network

Country Destination Domain Proto
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp

Files

memory/2912-0-0x0000000000120000-0x0000000000198000-memory.dmp

memory/2912-1-0x0000000074230000-0x000000007491E000-memory.dmp

memory/2912-2-0x00000000005D0000-0x0000000000610000-memory.dmp

memory/2912-3-0x0000000000490000-0x00000000004A2000-memory.dmp

memory/2912-4-0x00000000004C0000-0x00000000004CC000-memory.dmp

memory/2912-5-0x00000000049F0000-0x0000000004A50000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-6-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-8-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-9-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-10-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-11-0x000000007EFDE000-0x000000007EFDF000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-13-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-15-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-17-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

memory/2912-18-0x0000000074230000-0x000000007491E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-21-0x0000000074230000-0x000000007491E000-memory.dmp

memory/2532-22-0x000000006DA50000-0x000000006DFFB000-memory.dmp

memory/2532-23-0x0000000002900000-0x0000000002940000-memory.dmp

memory/2532-24-0x000000006DA50000-0x000000006DFFB000-memory.dmp

memory/2532-25-0x0000000002900000-0x0000000002940000-memory.dmp

memory/2532-26-0x000000006DA50000-0x000000006DFFB000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-27-0x0000000074230000-0x000000007491E000-memory.dmp

memory/2732-28-0x00000000005F0000-0x0000000000630000-memory.dmp

Analysis: behavioral2

Detonation Overview

Submitted

2024-04-17 13:10

Reported

2024-04-17 13:13

Platform

win10v2004-20240412-en

Max time kernel

149s

Max time network

151s

Command Line

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

Signatures

RedLine

infostealer redline

RedLine payload

Description Indicator Process Target
N/A N/A N/A N/A

SectopRAT

trojan rat sectoprat

SectopRAT payload

Description Indicator Process Target
N/A N/A N/A N/A

Checks computer location settings

Description Indicator Process Target
Key value queried \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-4084619521-2220719027-1909462854-1000\Control Panel\International\Geo\Nation C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe N/A

Enumerates physical storage devices

Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory

Description Indicator Process Target
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 888 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 888 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 888 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 3564 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 3564 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 3564 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe
PID 4560 wrote to memory of 4584 N/A C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

Processes

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe

"C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe" Add-MpPreference -ExclusionPath "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe

"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe"

Network

Country Destination Domain Proto
US 8.8.8.8:53 20.160.190.20.in-addr.arpa udp
US 8.8.8.8:53 145.136.73.23.in-addr.arpa udp
US 8.8.8.8:53 241.154.82.20.in-addr.arpa udp
US 8.8.8.8:53 88.156.103.20.in-addr.arpa udp
US 8.8.8.8:53 21.114.53.23.in-addr.arpa udp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
US 8.8.8.8:53 86.23.85.13.in-addr.arpa udp
US 8.8.8.8:53 18.31.95.13.in-addr.arpa udp
US 8.8.8.8:53 65.139.73.23.in-addr.arpa udp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
US 8.8.8.8:53 172.210.232.199.in-addr.arpa udp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
US 8.8.8.8:53 203.142.123.92.in-addr.arpa udp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
NL 185.222.58.244:55615 tcp
US 8.8.8.8:53 88.16.208.104.in-addr.arpa udp

Files

memory/4560-1-0x0000000074E60000-0x0000000075610000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-0-0x0000000000370000-0x00000000003E8000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-2-0x00000000053E0000-0x0000000005984000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-3-0x0000000004E30000-0x0000000004EC2000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-4-0x0000000004DB0000-0x0000000004DC0000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-5-0x0000000004DF0000-0x0000000004DFA000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-6-0x0000000004F70000-0x0000000004F82000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-7-0x0000000004F90000-0x0000000004F9C000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-8-0x0000000006340000-0x00000000063A0000-memory.dmp

memory/4560-9-0x0000000008960000-0x00000000089FC000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-10-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000041E000-memory.dmp

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\CLR_v4.0_32\UsageLogs\b582fac0b16e16390868882590ac8d81dc00ecd845bffa59a478baa11573617c.exe.log

MD5 8ec831f3e3a3f77e4a7b9cd32b48384c
SHA1 d83f09fd87c5bd86e045873c231c14836e76a05c
SHA256 7667e538030e3f8ce2886e47a01af24cb0ea70528b1e821c5d8832c5076cb982
SHA512 26bffa2406b66368bd412bf25869a792631455645992cdcade2dbc13a2e56fb546414a6a9223b94c96c38d89187add6678d4779a88b38b0c9e36be8527b213c3

memory/4560-13-0x0000000074E60000-0x0000000075610000-memory.dmp

memory/888-16-0x00000000026F0000-0x0000000002726000-memory.dmp

memory/888-15-0x0000000074E60000-0x0000000075610000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-14-0x0000000005440000-0x0000000005A58000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-17-0x0000000074E60000-0x0000000075610000-memory.dmp

memory/888-20-0x0000000005170000-0x0000000005798000-memory.dmp

memory/888-21-0x0000000002790000-0x00000000027A0000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-19-0x0000000004DC0000-0x0000000004DD2000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-22-0x0000000004E60000-0x0000000004E9C000-memory.dmp

memory/888-18-0x0000000002790000-0x00000000027A0000-memory.dmp

memory/888-23-0x0000000005060000-0x0000000005082000-memory.dmp

memory/888-29-0x0000000005950000-0x00000000059B6000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-30-0x0000000004EA0000-0x0000000004EEC000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-31-0x0000000004E10000-0x0000000004E20000-memory.dmp

memory/888-32-0x00000000059C0000-0x0000000005A26000-memory.dmp

C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\__PSScriptPolicyTest_rfsk0gwx.nb5.ps1

MD5 d17fe0a3f47be24a6453e9ef58c94641
SHA1 6ab83620379fc69f80c0242105ddffd7d98d5d9d
SHA256 96ad1146eb96877eab5942ae0736b82d8b5e2039a80d3d6932665c1a4c87dcf7
SHA512 5b592e58f26c264604f98f6aa12860758ce606d1c63220736cf0c779e4e18e3cec8706930a16c38b20161754d1017d1657d35258e58ca22b18f5b232880dec82

memory/888-37-0x0000000005B30000-0x0000000005E84000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-38-0x00000000050D0000-0x00000000051DA000-memory.dmp

memory/888-39-0x0000000006010000-0x000000000602E000-memory.dmp

memory/888-40-0x000000007FA90000-0x000000007FAA0000-memory.dmp

memory/888-41-0x0000000006600000-0x0000000006632000-memory.dmp

memory/888-42-0x0000000071370000-0x00000000713BC000-memory.dmp

memory/888-53-0x0000000006640000-0x000000000665E000-memory.dmp

memory/888-52-0x0000000002790000-0x00000000027A0000-memory.dmp

memory/888-54-0x0000000007240000-0x00000000072E3000-memory.dmp

memory/888-55-0x0000000007980000-0x0000000007FFA000-memory.dmp

memory/888-56-0x0000000007340000-0x000000000735A000-memory.dmp

memory/888-57-0x00000000073B0000-0x00000000073BA000-memory.dmp

memory/888-58-0x00000000075C0000-0x0000000007656000-memory.dmp

memory/888-59-0x0000000007540000-0x0000000007551000-memory.dmp

memory/888-60-0x0000000007570000-0x000000000757E000-memory.dmp

memory/888-61-0x0000000007580000-0x0000000007594000-memory.dmp

memory/888-62-0x0000000007680000-0x000000000769A000-memory.dmp

memory/888-63-0x0000000007660000-0x0000000007668000-memory.dmp

memory/888-66-0x0000000074E60000-0x0000000075610000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-67-0x0000000074E60000-0x0000000075610000-memory.dmp

memory/4584-68-0x0000000004E10000-0x0000000004E20000-memory.dmp