Analysis Overview
SHA256
cdfcf64bb22833df8973501e342bc82fbf71602cba51ddcda1aba25d07153854
Threat Level: Known bad
The file 05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118 was found to be: Known bad.
Malicious Activity Summary
Gh0strat
Gh0st RAT payload
Deletes itself
Executes dropped EXE
Loads dropped DLL
Writes to the Master Boot Record (MBR)
Drops file in System32 directory
Program crash
Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory
Modifies data under HKEY_USERS
Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken
Checks processor information in registry
MITRE ATT&CK
Enterprise Matrix V15
Analysis: static1
Detonation Overview
Reported
2024-06-23 09:06
Signatures
Analysis: behavioral1
Detonation Overview
Submitted
2024-06-23 09:06
Reported
2024-06-23 09:08
Platform
win7-20240508-en
Max time kernel
149s
Max time network
150s
Command Line
Signatures
Gh0st RAT payload
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Gh0strat
Deletes itself
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
Executes dropped EXE
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
Loads dropped DLL
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Writes to the Master Boot Record (MBR)
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| File opened for modification | \??\PhysicalDrive0 | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Drops file in System32 directory
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| File created | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\qfadfpuath | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Checks processor information in registry
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| Key value queried | \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0\~MHz | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Key opened | \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0 | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Modifies data under HKEY_USERS
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| Key created | \REGISTRY\USER\.DEFAULT\Software\Microsoft\ActiveMovie\devenum | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Key created | \REGISTRY\USER\.DEFAULT\Software | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Key created | \REGISTRY\USER\.DEFAULT\SOFTWARE\Microsoft | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Key created | \REGISTRY\USER\.DEFAULT\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ActiveMovie | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Key created | \REGISTRY\USER\.DEFAULT\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ActiveMovie\devenum | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Set value (int) | \REGISTRY\USER\.DEFAULT\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ActiveMovie\devenum\Version = "7" | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| PID 2884 wrote to memory of 1144 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc |
| PID 2884 wrote to memory of 1144 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc |
| PID 2884 wrote to memory of 1144 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc |
| PID 2884 wrote to memory of 1144 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc |
Processes
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe
"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe"
\??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\ibikrptrfc
"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe" a -sc:\users\admin\appdata\local\temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_jaffacakes118.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe -k netsvcs
Network
| Country | Destination | Domain | Proto |
| US | 8.8.8.8:53 | bibo9.8800.org | udp |
| US | 8.8.8.8:53 | conf.f.360.cn | udp |
| DE | 46.82.174.69:889 | bibo9.8800.org | tcp |
| US | 8.8.8.8:53 | bibo9.8800.org | udp |
| DE | 46.82.174.69:889 | bibo9.8800.org | tcp |
Files
memory/2884-1-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
memory/2884-2-0x0000000000030000-0x0000000000031000-memory.dmp
\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\ibikrptrfc
| MD5 | c8a3c641642c1a9b43725c05793eaac2 |
| SHA1 | 8a657ef2bb55f27f78bf609557c8a2a3a7edd313 |
| SHA256 | 9543c0be2359b5548dc8223f823fbdce3c9b9f11a0a820a201c9e8be3aa5050a |
| SHA512 | 30c4531b721a4ee49d9b8a9221f8a112e2ecd78904a6fa2919158487e547aaeb17a3f9865266e2132d29c04633a6c260358b17dfd728d4665cbef55383557754 |
memory/2884-6-0x00000000005E0000-0x000000000062F000-memory.dmp
memory/2884-13-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
memory/1144-17-0x0000000000030000-0x0000000000031000-memory.dmp
memory/1144-16-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
\??\c:\programdata\application data\storm\update\%sessionname%\dwxne.cc3
| MD5 | 52571b83298266722747ea5586828f97 |
| SHA1 | af70aac872801f025c9fb6781bd638e90044e04e |
| SHA256 | 08a025a59c1165b5a88f5f08d77e452677eb23dfa90fbffdbb3992f61e6a575c |
| SHA512 | cc2441ec3e5294bacd91c3d9c2827f1ff6d508e212470db9ed2474ca6a787e909c3c21cabe8a90e8de2320ff98d190f26bb23e152c952b007a94c7d3c3e7ec52 |
memory/1144-22-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
memory/2636-23-0x00000000001F0000-0x00000000001F1000-memory.dmp
memory/2636-25-0x0000000020000000-0x0000000020027000-memory.dmp
memory/2636-27-0x0000000020000000-0x0000000020027000-memory.dmp
Analysis: behavioral2
Detonation Overview
Submitted
2024-06-23 09:06
Reported
2024-06-23 09:09
Platform
win10v2004-20240508-en
Max time kernel
52s
Max time network
51s
Command Line
Signatures
Gh0st RAT payload
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Gh0strat
Deletes itself
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
Executes dropped EXE
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
Loads dropped DLL
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Drops file in System32 directory
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| File created | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\qeqieycshs | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| File opened for modification | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe.txt | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| File created | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\qnecmcfqto | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| File created | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\qnecmcfqto | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| File opened for modification | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe.txt | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| File created | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\qvsuufhohj | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| File opened for modification | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe.txt | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Program crash
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe |
| N/A | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe |
Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeSecurityPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeBackupPrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
| Token: SeRestorePrivilege | N/A | C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe | N/A |
Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory
| Description | Indicator | Process | Target |
| PID 1784 wrote to memory of 2816 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl |
| PID 1784 wrote to memory of 2816 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl |
| PID 1784 wrote to memory of 2816 | N/A | C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe | \??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl |
Processes
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe
"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe"
\??\c:\users\admin\appdata\local\bvbxtibhjl
"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_JaffaCakes118.exe" a -sc:\users\admin\appdata\local\temp\05d135e4f012e233a74120f70934ae62_jaffacakes118.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe -k netsvcs -s fastuserswitchingcompatibility
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -pss -s 444 -p 4468 -ip 4468
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -u -p 4468 -s 1076
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe -k netsvcs -s fastuserswitchingcompatibility
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -pss -s 500 -p 116 -ip 116
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -u -p 116 -s 888
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe -k netsvcs -s fastuserswitchingcompatibility
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -pss -s 520 -p 3772 -ip 3772
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -u -p 3772 -s 888
Network
| Country | Destination | Domain | Proto |
| US | 8.8.8.8:53 | conf.f.360.cn | udp |
Files
memory/1784-1-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
memory/1784-2-0x00000000001E0000-0x00000000001E1000-memory.dmp
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\bvbxtibhjl
| MD5 | 1234903aee1a17b0a752669f48d1e445 |
| SHA1 | 03e383d30958197901c60f2dc3e90ca839e10fc8 |
| SHA256 | b5b6c909a77117348e6c0be29515b34611eaafd4fc8810cd894b71e116b02c79 |
| SHA512 | c6ee801e6a0edc675af89568c31c3951fd385975a1c416a391d366d5bdf882060f45f046cdb7a31dc56440601b5866547cb43d5d8d07158907214c8d7c36c739 |
memory/1784-10-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
memory/2816-11-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
\??\c:\programdata\application data\storm\update\%sessionname%\bhvxr.cc3
| MD5 | ee84b337a346ee7c1293f545f5541a0e |
| SHA1 | 0e3121aa429868207d682053b46d53f09a9c8f43 |
| SHA256 | aa612bff354d3ea3a0f075779ddd3f4fae8d9cdb19fe3c3b5fb76197ddade651 |
| SHA512 | 239dd97f5cf6684f3f40d49f62719ca4b085b4707549b669f631667b4a8d16ace07ad0b63c627a9fcc29b71f6df6ebb7ea01b9cba5758a6380069423c0d636c7 |
memory/2816-16-0x0000000000400000-0x000000000044E37C-memory.dmp
memory/4468-17-0x00000000018E0000-0x00000000018E1000-memory.dmp
memory/4468-19-0x0000000020000000-0x0000000020027000-memory.dmp
memory/116-21-0x0000000001AE0000-0x0000000001AE1000-memory.dmp
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe.txt
| MD5 | ad6660af0cf288bc02aef50ca8d491ac |
| SHA1 | a912f9b8b14f14cb40f3a59f5d3d1ad42afb9921 |
| SHA256 | 3642d5d4ecc17f0f1c3b73b7f9569d68a67b25a9f2fccfea1b5518c877dddca0 |
| SHA512 | a579b52eb1f4e9cc0c63eae80a2f97cdd2780fa8474266665bf353b1d77ee0655c815098748cb2fa41908696f1350e1de4f105e9079adf643dcefb3e0294b01e |
memory/116-24-0x0000000020000000-0x0000000020027000-memory.dmp
memory/3772-26-0x00000000019D0000-0x00000000019D1000-memory.dmp
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\svchost.exe.txt
| MD5 | 85df7cefe5076dff59a9aab22c92d2ee |
| SHA1 | 202e936443ddda88d6238b78ed20721dcb4a7e21 |
| SHA256 | e812a1ddf9b41d090ff9e47d4e71d5d4a67f64366f5ab92b158c9905ed5745fc |
| SHA512 | 5ab85d220dae7ef54fb591c34ebe3df4faf120fd353ef713914f6d2606900b3d6cda6a8a1ba4c89209d226602fd09576ddf2287e7a24ce07e31aa951172f69e2 |
memory/3772-29-0x0000000020000000-0x0000000020027000-memory.dmp