Analysis
- max time kernel
150s - max time network
151s - platform
windows10-2004_x64 - resource
win10v2004-20231222-en - resource tags
arch:x64arch:x86image:win10v2004-20231222-enlocale:en-usos:windows10-2004-x64system - submitted
12/01/2024, 10:51
Static task
static1
Behavioral task
behavioral1
Sample
fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe
Resource
win7-20231215-en
Behavioral task
behavioral2
Sample
fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe
Resource
win10v2004-20231222-en
General
- Target fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe
- Size 207KB
- Sample240112-mx8gtafcd8
- SHA256 f22e8c6027000f421c70d5733ff537d1e2e49deb5cc1d6ad3287175dffc2668e
- MD5 fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828
- SHA1 5e587f1f30a712e45b35e451af167a5ba54f508d
- SHA512 805d8ac96078aa598e2cd562e60748aeb9f36710490015d3203f309d26f341795fd1a3c82e28cb828947ff99777985fd00a540d3e1f42edd0b471a0739f8a490
- SSDEEP 3072:Bo/htLJYeiJiiKVYgTemVAJny/8WyrtD7wmxRivBL2A:uTLJYefYgT/AByyug
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
Malware Config
Extracted
-
smokeloader
-
pub1
Extracted
-
smokeloader
-
2020
-
http://host-file-host6.com/
-
http://host-host-file8.com/
Signatures
- Modifies firewall policy service 2 TTPs 4 IoCs
description ioc Process Set value (int) \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\SharedAccess\Parameters\FirewallPolicy\StandardProfile\EnableFirewall = "0" explorer.exe Key created \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\SharedAccess\Parameters\FirewallPolicy\PublicProfile explorer.exe Set value (int) \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\SharedAccess\Parameters\FirewallPolicy\PublicProfile\EnableFirewall = "0" explorer.exe Key created \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\SharedAccess\Parameters\FirewallPolicy\StandardProfile explorer.exe - SmokeLoader
Modular backdoor trojan in use since 2014.
- Sets file execution options in registry 2 TTPs 4 IoCs
description ioc Process Key created \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\q9a5q9quy3yq7.exe AA88.exe Set value (str) \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\q9a5q9quy3yq7.exe\DisableExceptionChainValidation AA88.exe Key created \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\rstrui.exe explorer.exe Set value (str) \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\rstrui.exe\Debugger = "nuxkdxb.exe" explorer.exe - Checks BIOS information in registry 2 TTPs 1 IoCs
BIOS information is often read in order to detect sandboxing environments.
description ioc Process Key value queried \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\SystemBiosVersion explorer.exe - Checks computer location settings 2 TTPs 1 IoCs
Looks up country code configured in the registry, likely geofence.
description ioc Process Key value queried \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\Control Panel\International\Geo\Nation AEBF.exe - Deletes itself 1 IoCs
pid Process 3520 Process not Found - Executes dropped EXE 3 IoCs
pid Process 1040 AA88.exe 232 AEBF.exe 380 WindowsUpdater.exe - Loads dropped DLL 2 IoCs
pid Process 380 WindowsUpdater.exe 380 WindowsUpdater.exe - Adds Run key to start application 2 TTPs 2 IoCs
description ioc Process Set value (str) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce\Java Updater = "C:\\ProgramData\\Java Updater\\q9a5q9quy3yq7.exe" explorer.exe Set value (str) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\Java Updater = "\"C:\\ProgramData\\Java Updater\\q9a5q9quy3yq7.exe\"" explorer.exe -
description ioc Process Key value queried \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\EnableLUA AA88.exe - Suspicious use of NtSetInformationThreadHideFromDebugger 8 IoCs
pid Process 1040 AA88.exe 4420 explorer.exe 4420 explorer.exe 4420 explorer.exe 4420 explorer.exe 4420 explorer.exe 4420 explorer.exe 4420 explorer.exe - Enumerates physical storage devices 1 TTPs
Attempts to interact with connected storage/optical drive(s).
- Program crash 2 IoCs
pid pid_target Process procid_target 4572 5044 WerFault.exe 14 1928 4420 WerFault.exe 103 - NSIS installer 8 IoCs
resource yara_rule behavioral2/files/0x000800000002324f-34.dat nsis_installer_2 behavioral2/files/0x0006000000023250-40.dat nsis_installer_1 behavioral2/files/0x0006000000023250-40.dat nsis_installer_2 behavioral2/files/0x0006000000023250-44.dat nsis_installer_1 behavioral2/files/0x0006000000023250-44.dat nsis_installer_2 behavioral2/files/0x0006000000023250-42.dat nsis_installer_1 behavioral2/files/0x0006000000023250-42.dat nsis_installer_2 behavioral2/files/0x000800000002324f-32.dat nsis_installer_2 - Checks SCSI registry key(s) 3 TTPs 3 IoCs
SCSI information is often read in order to detect sandboxing environments.
description ioc Process Key opened \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Enum\SCSI fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe Key queried \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Enum\SCSI fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe Key enumerated \REGISTRY\MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Enum\SCSI fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe - Checks processor information in registry 2 TTPs 4 IoCs
Processor information is often read in order to detect sandboxing environments.
description ioc Process Key opened \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0 AA88.exe Key value queried \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0\ProcessorNameString AA88.exe Key opened \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0 explorer.exe Key value queried \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\CentralProcessor\0\ProcessorNameString explorer.exe - Enumerates system info in registry 2 TTPs 2 IoCs
description ioc Process Key opened \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\BIOS explorer.exe Key value queried \REGISTRY\MACHINE\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\BIOS\SystemManufacturer explorer.exe - Modifies Internet Explorer Protected Mode 1 TTPs 4 IoCs
description ioc Process Set value (int) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\4\2500 = "3" explorer.exe Set value (int) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\1\2500 = "3" explorer.exe Set value (int) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\2\2500 = "3" explorer.exe Set value (int) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\Zones\3\2500 = "3" explorer.exe - Modifies Internet Explorer Protected Mode Banner 1 TTPs 1 IoCs
description ioc Process Set value (int) \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main\NoProtectedModeBanner = "1" explorer.exe -
description ioc Process Key created \REGISTRY\USER\S-1-5-21-3803511929-1339359695-2191195476-1000\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main explorer.exe - Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses 64 IoCs
pid Process 5044 fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe 5044 fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found 3520 Process not Found - Suspicious behavior: MapViewOfSection 3 IoCs
pid Process 5044 fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe 1040 AA88.exe 1040 AA88.exe - Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken 32 IoCs
description pid Process Token: SeShutdownPrivilege 3520 Process not Found Token: SeCreatePagefilePrivilege 3520 Process not Found Token: SeDebugPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeRestorePrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeBackupPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeLoadDriverPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeCreatePagefilePrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeShutdownPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeChangeNotifyPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeCreateTokenPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeMachineAccountPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeSecurityPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeCreateGlobalPrivilege 1040 AA88.exe Token: 33 1040 AA88.exe Token: SeDebugPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeRestorePrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeBackupPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeLoadDriverPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeCreatePagefilePrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeShutdownPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeChangeNotifyPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeCreateTokenPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeMachineAccountPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeSecurityPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeCreateGlobalPrivilege 4420 explorer.exe Token: 33 4420 explorer.exe Token: SeShutdownPrivilege 3520 Process not Found Token: SeCreatePagefilePrivilege 3520 Process not Found - Suspicious use of UnmapMainImage 1 IoCs
pid Process 3520 Process not Found - Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory 12 IoCs
description pid Process procid_target PID 3520 wrote to memory of 1040 3520 Process not Found 102 PID 3520 wrote to memory of 1040 3520 Process not Found 102 PID 3520 wrote to memory of 1040 3520 Process not Found 102 PID 1040 wrote to memory of 4420 1040 AA88.exe 103 PID 1040 wrote to memory of 4420 1040 AA88.exe 103 PID 1040 wrote to memory of 4420 1040 AA88.exe 103 PID 3520 wrote to memory of 232 3520 Process not Found 104 PID 3520 wrote to memory of 232 3520 Process not Found 104 PID 3520 wrote to memory of 232 3520 Process not Found 104 PID 232 wrote to memory of 380 232 AEBF.exe 105 PID 232 wrote to memory of 380 232 AEBF.exe 105 PID 232 wrote to memory of 380 232 AEBF.exe 105 - Uses Task Scheduler COM API 1 TTPs
The Task Scheduler COM API can be used to schedule applications to run on boot or at set times.
Processes
-
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\fbec4956a178bb65221cf87ab537b828.exe"1⤵
- Checks SCSI registry key(s)
- Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
- Suspicious behavior: MapViewOfSection
PID:5044 -
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exeC:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -u -p 5044 -s 3682⤵
- Program crash
PID:4572
-
-
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exeC:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -pss -s 460 -p 5044 -ip 50441⤵PID:4908
-
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AA88.exeC:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AA88.exe1⤵
- Sets file execution options in registry
- Executes dropped EXE
- Checks whether UAC is enabled
- Suspicious use of NtSetInformationThreadHideFromDebugger
- Checks processor information in registry
- Suspicious behavior: MapViewOfSection
- Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken
- Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory
PID:1040 -
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\explorer.exeC:\Windows\SysWOW64\explorer.exe2⤵
- Modifies firewall policy service
- Sets file execution options in registry
- Checks BIOS information in registry
- Adds Run key to start application
- Suspicious use of NtSetInformationThreadHideFromDebugger
- Checks processor information in registry
- Enumerates system info in registry
- Modifies Internet Explorer Protected Mode
- Modifies Internet Explorer Protected Mode Banner
- Modifies Internet Explorer settings
- Suspicious use of AdjustPrivilegeToken
PID:4420 -
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exeC:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -u -p 4420 -s 11123⤵
- Program crash
PID:1928
-
-
-
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AEBF.exeC:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AEBF.exe1⤵
- Checks computer location settings
- Executes dropped EXE
- Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory
PID:232 -
C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\WindowsUpdater.exe"C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\WindowsUpdater.exe"2⤵
- Executes dropped EXE
- Loads dropped DLL
PID:380
-
-
C:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exeC:\Windows\SysWOW64\WerFault.exe -pss -s 176 -p 4420 -ip 44201⤵PID:2520
Network
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v15
Persistence
Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
2Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder
2Create or Modify System Process
1Windows Service
1Privilege Escalation
Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
2Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder
2Create or Modify System Process
1Windows Service
1Replay Monitor
Loading Replay Monitor...
Downloads
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AA88.exe
- Size 127KB
- SHA256 69ce003729f2a748ae8ca18c08e8d7d7c2c79bade6bd5ec3e5ca8498026d0f2e
- MD5 a06f8744accc2c49b34c79f481562733
- SHA1 230de9d72fe3b6a49fd0895eb2fcf17b80935ba0
- SHA512 622a91a57dbba49d6b64404ac52d718afd7e61a15b3d0e7c14196fe64f7d54454184075a8151273f0aa69373e3975298787b13ddfc4d58246c65a2ef5f404f93
- SSDEEP 3072:VPqJWFROhZAgTVgm+aLhHTR6zs1hfk8tKc:VuWFksgTOzEV6zs1hfk8Mc
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AA88.exe
- Size 234KB
- SHA256 5f682a3ddb28bd978e72c69aaaf7474e6373d91e536ec6e06cbd2e94cbc14c9e
- MD5 b777f21997af7b4290ef9f5dc35c1f78
- SHA1 87da9668a85c8e29dc43f21914f560993dd0bb96
- SHA512 b273a0d54c69e79aa0a52b20a690b6b12e98cc05817ba0a2bb7857672fc85487845e16bf7314f2f94a929ce7623399a6297ce6b6d178d04978c52ae243a46622
- SSDEEP 6144:VuWFksgTOzEV6zs1hfk8MIcG1Zb7d+0PuSCU4CzmJkdVB:5FkRTOzEV6zs1hfk8oYVd+Dj4mYVB
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AEBF.exe
- Size 338KB
- SHA256 95a95ef3fbae6d18ee74dc2d3fcbd8720e5b7a1d09507f6cd3a5a06f4541fdcc
- MD5 3b05762385dbb8e0e6b591ab8377b496
- SHA1 b1cf75ce2d96ce97259bc831fa70bff161dc8136
- SHA512 f161da08448efb2b7f48de4698a3744d4c93cd0280f739e4929e6c3fb3f80d621f87814a9f61c86cdce1382cb68d9bb115e52122f083d3e430d7290b09bb3801
- SSDEEP 6144:Jt50ObWRVZnvA8QpqJGshTM9r/PkY1XGaJWe+hjWntaGZtpCVC0inI1gx:JORLI8QY5O/PtXTWe+hjWrfQzYI1o
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\AEBF.exe
- Size 398KB
- SHA256 3e09ed287d6bdd99ee5cbfc182166ea3f24e40447b18654d1b33924625d76c4f
- MD5 f27b7a257f5bceb450df2ec686f3e3da
- SHA1 c99b50825c9bc252ded7ca13772a292b727fda31
- SHA512 3cbd954cd8413bd781f97f77d47907fc37de47397537c2f75e9b6bff4011ddc0582116fc541cdbd1ed2630e86fcb9e8eea9d752eddb45495c82050422f265748
- SSDEEP 6144:Jt50ObWRVZnvA8QpqJGshTM9r/PkY1XGaJWe+hjWntaGZtpCVC0inI1gxaXGKiD:JORLI8QY5O/PtXTWe+hjWrfQzYI1eaXE
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\WindowsUpdater.exe
- Size 282KB
- SHA256 2af8700bf2aca99bb1fb4d643349727394efb61739f0e7f33cd52801083326a5
- MD5 f26c389d121fea33ece68d31c7ff4990
- SHA1 674f8371b6ce415a86456defd7d12f24dd762671
- SHA512 47ecd66622c6e36d8b00105f793c7cd6e2a48a514cd909221c5fdd105a280952410c3e2eb29e73153c76a7aea133eb2f25da342d83808a9aed0b4ba59a640357
- SSDEEP 6144:wZnvA8QpqJGshTM9r/PkY1XGaJWe+hjWntaGZtpCVC0inI1gxag:gI8QY5O/PtXTWe+hjWrfQzYI1eag
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\WindowsUpdater.exe
- Size 342KB
- SHA256 ab034036af2f0cdf362f3836b9d10526914893aeca8bbf3096998e6aa8a2e2d9
- MD5 f7eee29b5f2eff53e82d8c71cd41b4f1
- SHA1 7599826a81ae31a506caefd087bb16f0c0b258f7
- SHA512 f933c1c11541218c61b95068239aa966792a0073ad1139e4142519bc32d9cb57bcdfed861b0bb43eb74d5e78c8172fbc4d4b825af1b5bf2e1fedcda022c6a202
- SSDEEP 6144:wZnvA8QpqJGshTM9r/PkY1XGaJWe+hjWntaGZtpCVC0inI1gxaXGKiMXPbbGJ30:gI8QY5O/PtXTWe+hjWrfQzYI1eaXXzb/
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\WindowsUpdater.exe
- Size 315KB
- SHA256 5f2225c238f02b7c9eb5e3a0195beea89fafa2ee67d49f858e1373714303bfef
- MD5 89aec1e3562b560e5e7ca3699d4a657b
- SHA1 40fc14c956c261ccf1aeb6f7c049aeb233bca84e
- SHA512 ff512eb62c8ba2a1e8cda4c2aab0373cc74af829369e92cd5156af53688c9ed1a64d10e28af7c4e1188501fff9c1be5a9cac41f2dde91369a75e3e773395e073
- SSDEEP 6144:wZnvA8QpqJGshTM9r/PkY1XGaJWe+hjWntaGZtpCVC0inI1gxaXGKiw:gI8QY5O/PtXTWe+hjWrfQzYI1eaXB
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\lib.dll
- Size 316KB
- SHA256 286aa06db99afbee261daf73634488b0c7ba329cd5db8263890e9fc737363233
- MD5 194fca1c467bd9a2b4d72908b2eef631
- SHA1 ba78f97471144e86260ed9c0d21dd3bb47128253
- SHA512 b0ef7e2ccb0be355bb743d3e7230338e2f6610981fdcfcbea810848cf6783c7b6523eac2f16dc10020ac2dabe33ab51e29b32107ff2075c25103eb6921ad95d9
- SSDEEP 6144:F+S3OgpTLiJqvWEmt+SaJWeChjWntaqZtpCVC0inIPgxafGAi9:F+SN3kqvtfWeChjWNfQzYIPeafo
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP
- Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\nsbAFE8.tmp\System.dll
- Size 12KB
- SHA256 7fb0f8d452fefaac789986b933df050f3d3e4feb8a8d9944ada995f572dcdca1
- MD5 dd87a973e01c5d9f8e0fcc81a0af7c7a
- SHA1 c9206ced48d1e5bc648b1d0f54cccc18bf643a14
- SHA512 4910b39b1a99622ac8b3c42f173bbe7035ac2f8d40c946468e7db7e2868a2da81ea94da453857f06f39957dd690c7f1ba498936a7aaa0039975e472376f92e8f
- SSDEEP 192:VFiQJ77pJp17C8F1A5xjGNxrgFOgb7lrT/993:97pJp48F2exrg5F/9
- MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP