Analysis

  • max time kernel
    58s
  • max time network
    59s
  • platform
    windows10-ltsc 2021_x64
  • resource
    win10ltsc2021-20250113-en
  • resource tags

    arch:x64arch:x86image:win10ltsc2021-20250113-enlocale:en-usos:windows10-ltsc 2021-x64system
  • submitted
    25/01/2025, 18:45

General

  • Target
    https://gofile.io/d/2y9gR8
  • Sample250125-xefn7awkfx

Malware Config

Extracted

Family
  • xenorat

C2
  • 127.0.0.1

Mutex
  • Xeno_rat_nd8912d

Attributes
  • delay

    5000

  • install_path

    appdata

  • port

    4444

  • startup_name

    Security HELP

Signatures

  • Detect XenoRat Payload 2 IoCs
  • XenorRat

    XenorRat is a remote access trojan written in C#.

  • Xenorat family
  • Downloads MZ/PE file 1 IoCs
  • Checks computer location settings 2 TTPs 1 IoCs

    Looks up country code configured in the registry, likely geofence.

  • Executes dropped EXE 3 IoCs
  • Drops file in Program Files directory 2 IoCs
  • Browser Information Discovery 1 TTPs

    Enumerate browser information.

  • Enumerates physical storage devices 1 TTPs

    Attempts to interact with connected storage/optical drive(s).

  • System Location Discovery: System Language Discovery 1 TTPs 5 IoCs

    Attempt gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host.

  • Enumerates system info in registry 2 TTPs 3 IoCs
  • Modifies registry class 1 IoCs
  • NTFS ADS 2 IoCs
  • Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task 1 TTPs 2 IoCs

    Schtasks is often used by malware for persistence or to perform post-infection execution.

  • Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses 8 IoCs
  • Suspicious behavior: NtCreateUserProcessBlockNonMicrosoftBinary 9 IoCs
  • Suspicious use of FindShellTrayWindow 37 IoCs
  • Suspicious use of SendNotifyMessage 24 IoCs
  • Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory 64 IoCs
  • Uses Task Scheduler COM API 1 TTPs

    The Task Scheduler COM API can be used to schedule applications to run on boot or at set times.

  • Uses Volume Shadow Copy WMI provider

    The Volume Shadow Copy service is used to manage backups/snapshots.

  • Uses Volume Shadow Copy service COM API

    The Volume Shadow Copy service is used to manage backups/snapshots.

Processes

  • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
    "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --start-maximized --single-argument https://gofile.io/d/2y9gR8
    1⤵
    • Enumerates system info in registry
    • Modifies registry class
    • NTFS ADS
    • Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
    • Suspicious behavior: NtCreateUserProcessBlockNonMicrosoftBinary
    • Suspicious use of FindShellTrayWindow
    • Suspicious use of SendNotifyMessage
    • Suspicious use of WriteProcessMemory
    PID:1340
    • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
      "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=crashpad-handler "--user-data-dir=C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data" /prefetch:7 --monitor-self-annotation=ptype=crashpad-handler "--database=C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Crashpad" "--metrics-dir=C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data" --annotation=IsOfficialBuild=1 --annotation=channel= --annotation=chromium-version=92.0.4515.131 "--annotation=exe=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --annotation=plat=Win64 "--annotation=prod=Microsoft Edge" --annotation=ver=92.0.902.67 --initial-client-data=0x124,0x128,0x12c,0x100,0x130,0x7fffd8b946f8,0x7fffd8b94708,0x7fffd8b94718
      2⤵
        PID:2040
      • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
        "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=gpu-process --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --gpu-preferences=UAAAAAAAAADgAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABgAAAAAAAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHgAAAAAAAAAeAAAAAAAAAAoAAAABAAAACAAAAAAAAAAKAAAAAAAAAAwAAAAAAAAADgAAAAAAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADQAAABAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAA0AAAAQAAAAAAAAAAQAAAANAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAHAAAADQAAAAgAAAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAA= --mojo-platform-channel-handle=2140 /prefetch:2
        2⤵
          PID:3692
        • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
          "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=network.mojom.NetworkService --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=none --mojo-platform-channel-handle=2204 /prefetch:3
          2⤵
          • Downloads MZ/PE file
          • Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
          PID:4772
        • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
          "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=storage.mojom.StorageService --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=utility --mojo-platform-channel-handle=2808 /prefetch:8
          2⤵
            PID:1208
          • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
            "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=6 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=3428 /prefetch:1
            2⤵
              PID:4420
            • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
              "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=5 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=3444 /prefetch:1
              2⤵
                PID:2800
              • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=7 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=4812 /prefetch:1
                2⤵
                  PID:3260
                • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\identity_helper.exe
                  "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\identity_helper.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=winrt_app_id.mojom.WinrtAppIdService --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=none --mojo-platform-channel-handle=5828 /prefetch:8
                  2⤵
                    PID:4292
                  • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\Installer\setup.exe
                    "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\Installer\setup.exe" --configure-user-settings --verbose-logging --system-level --msedge --force-configure-user-settings
                    2⤵
                    • Drops file in Program Files directory
                    PID:4828
                    • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\Installer\setup.exe
                      "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\Installer\setup.exe" --type=crashpad-handler /prefetch:7 --monitor-self-annotation=ptype=crashpad-handler --database=C:\Windows\TEMP\MsEdgeCrashpad --annotation=IsOfficialBuild=1 --annotation=channel= --annotation=chromium-version=92.0.4515.131 "--annotation=exe=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\Installer\setup.exe" --annotation=plat=Win64 "--annotation=prod=Microsoft Edge" --annotation=ver=92.0.902.67 --initial-client-data=0x294,0x298,0x29c,0x138,0x2a0,0x7ff6d65a5460,0x7ff6d65a5470,0x7ff6d65a5480
                      3⤵
                        PID:4936
                    • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\identity_helper.exe
                      "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\92.0.902.67\identity_helper.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=winrt_app_id.mojom.WinrtAppIdService --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=none --mojo-platform-channel-handle=5828 /prefetch:8
                      2⤵
                      • Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
                      PID:4672
                    • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                      "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=9 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=4212 /prefetch:1
                      2⤵
                        PID:4588
                      • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                        "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=edge_collections.mojom.CollectionsDataManager --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=collections --mojo-platform-channel-handle=4944 /prefetch:8
                        2⤵
                          PID:4108
                        • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                          "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=12 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=4936 /prefetch:1
                          2⤵
                            PID:952
                          • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                            "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=quarantine.mojom.Quarantine --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=none --mojo-platform-channel-handle=6456 /prefetch:8
                            2⤵
                            • Suspicious behavior: EnumeratesProcesses
                            PID:520
                          • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                            "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=utility --utility-sub-type=chrome.mojom.UtilReadIcon --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --service-sandbox-type=icon_reader --mojo-platform-channel-handle=6504 /prefetch:8
                            2⤵
                              PID:2816
                            • C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\client.exe
                              "C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\client.exe"
                              2⤵
                              • Checks computer location settings
                              • Executes dropped EXE
                              • System Location Discovery: System Language Discovery
                              • NTFS ADS
                              PID:4688
                              • C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Roaming\XenoManager\client.exe
                                "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Roaming\XenoManager\client.exe"
                                3⤵
                                • Executes dropped EXE
                                • System Location Discovery: System Language Discovery
                                PID:4832
                                • C:\Windows\SysWOW64\schtasks.exe
                                  "schtasks.exe" /Create /TN "Security HELP" /XML "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpBEBC.tmp" /F
                                  4⤵
                                  • System Location Discovery: System Language Discovery
                                  • Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task
                                  PID:5348
                            • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                              "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=15 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=5428 /prefetch:1
                              2⤵
                                PID:5472
                              • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                                "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --instant-process --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=16 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=6344 /prefetch:1
                                2⤵
                                  PID:5480
                                • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                                  "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=17 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=6868 /prefetch:1
                                  2⤵
                                    PID:5688
                                  • C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe
                                    "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe" --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=2128,5395982568952179144,13966733324369106613,131072 --lang=en-US --disable-client-side-phishing-detection --instant-process --device-scale-factor=1 --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=18 --no-v8-untrusted-code-mitigations --mojo-platform-channel-handle=6320 /prefetch:1
                                    2⤵
                                      PID:5696
                                  • C:\Windows\System32\CompPkgSrv.exe
                                    C:\Windows\System32\CompPkgSrv.exe -Embedding
                                    1⤵
                                      PID:1488
                                    • C:\Windows\System32\CompPkgSrv.exe
                                      C:\Windows\System32\CompPkgSrv.exe -Embedding
                                      1⤵
                                        PID:1872
                                      • C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe
                                        C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\shell32.dll,SHCreateLocalServerRunDll {9aa46009-3ce0-458a-a354-715610a075e6} -Embedding
                                        1⤵
                                          PID:5296
                                        • C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\client.exe
                                          "C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\client.exe"
                                          1⤵
                                          • Executes dropped EXE
                                          • System Location Discovery: System Language Discovery
                                          PID:6064
                                          • C:\Windows\SysWOW64\schtasks.exe
                                            "schtasks.exe" /Create /TN "Security HELP" /XML "C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\tmp12F6.tmp" /F
                                            2⤵
                                            • System Location Discovery: System Language Discovery
                                            • Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task
                                            PID:4860

                                        Network

                                              MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise v15

                                              Replay Monitor

                                              Loading Replay Monitor...

                                              Downloads

                                              client.exe.log

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\CLR_v4.0_32\UsageLogs\client.exe.log
                                              • Size 226B
                                              • SHA256 04b17cab961f973464bba8924f764edef6451d1774f2405d27ef33d164296923
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              settings.dat

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Crashpad\settings.dat
                                              • Size 152B
                                              • SHA256 2bf9282b87bdef746d298cff0734b9a82cd9c24656cb167b24a84c30fb6a1fd0
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              settings.dat

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Crashpad\settings.dat
                                              • Size 152B
                                              • SHA256 3052d0885e0ef0d71562958b851db519cfed36fd8e667b57a65374ee1a13a670
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              the-real-index

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Code Cache\js\index-dir\the-real-index
                                              • Size 48B
                                              • SHA256 42a437476cc3a6ef37e20811f74352330d2c3f94b4479a02be269efb5d79cd25
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              the-real-index

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Code Cache\js\index-dir\the-real-index
                                              • Size 144B
                                              • SHA256 365ffbb84e47d5f8b6850955698f1d3f198b31ea7f8c5c82618cf410ff86837e
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              Edge Profile.ico

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Edge Profile.ico
                                              • Size 70KB
                                              • SHA256 e23040951e464b53b84b11c3466bbd4707a009018819f9ad2a79d1b0b309bc25
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              Preferences

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Preferences
                                              • Size 5KB
                                              • SHA256 23900ae699c154a7162907ec2b6e86f98e56766ebb7a513034fd643e2fe2d3a4
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              Preferences

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Preferences
                                              • Size 5KB
                                              • SHA256 7de728bf67b7ae3597e281d4533b8bc8f0fc189c5f1e8bdac73111f94ce22caf
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              Preferences

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Preferences
                                              • Size 5KB
                                              • SHA256 79a0abd393cedf22974f179c5364bd4c9f8f854c95e3d26b3d8c6387a5d28482
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              Secure Preferences

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Secure Preferences
                                              • Size 24KB
                                              • SHA256 f0fae7ad33efdd05845d0d631ce8341ea4b6dfd4c45be844f0c117738df9c0d0
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              Secure Preferences

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Secure Preferences
                                              • Size 24KB
                                              • SHA256 b0203fb7c3812937e92ac04ad6065a2129bc165a36a60a4d2fdb0accc4499464
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              MANIFEST-000001

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\Session Storage\MANIFEST-000001
                                              • Size 41B
                                              • SHA256 f9d31b278e215eb0d0e9cd709edfa037e828f36214ab7906f612160fead4b2b4
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              CURRENT

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\data_reduction_proxy_leveldb\CURRENT
                                              • Size 16B
                                              • SHA256 1005a525006f148c86efcbfb36c6eac091b311532448010f70f7de9a68007167
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              CURRENT

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\shared_proto_db\metadata\CURRENT
                                              • Size 16B
                                              • SHA256 0f1bad70c7bd1e0a69562853ec529355462fcd0423263a3d39d6d0d70b780443
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              Local State

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Local State
                                              • Size 8KB
                                              • SHA256 283c31ab84d3f35b860d6a13a55faf2c4ae821557f8d320a1396fa11fbeea147
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              Local State

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Local State
                                              • Size 10KB
                                              • SHA256 80901452a13f7e1b0da2ec2bc7379b4be579b2f6d2ccd85373442d9b1d6b5605
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              tmp12F6.tmp

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\tmp12F6.tmp
                                              • Size 1KB
                                              • SHA256 004e35bfca8e091453545b6d4ce19314b00fba5fc6f9771d9d76217df0ef6684
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              tmpBEBC.tmp

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpBEBC.tmp
                                              • Size 1KB
                                              • SHA256 ff95b1308fc4294f5d6dcb0c171633387d81b4f2efda617292eb784615b17bed
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              ccba5a5986c77e43.customDestinations-ms

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\CustomDestinations\ccba5a5986c77e43.customDestinations-ms
                                              • Size 3KB
                                              • SHA256 eb2842635411d73541ce3d3ee04fdc4368adb0792a767e0e04c727d67b8e061a
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              ccba5a5986c77e43.customDestinations-ms

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\CustomDestinations\ccba5a5986c77e43.customDestinations-ms
                                              • Size 3KB
                                              • SHA256 08db76864bb59fd2846d17c1c2d73909f892a43fc8ccb934593a71f04728685e
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512

                                              Unconfirmed 527664.crdownload

                                              • Path C:\Users\Admin\Downloads\Unconfirmed 527664.crdownload
                                              • Size 45KB
                                              • SHA256 4e8445b92a76947f6dc52dfbe6dd77c2fe4cb32761de7c9b8e292a8c83930312
                                              • MD5 SHA1 SHA512 SSDEEP

                                              memory/4688-221-0x0000000000AE0000-0x0000000000AF2000-memory.dmp